Going outside the box definitely means they don’t like what’s in there (unless there is a urinary infection, in which case all bets are off). Even the little 2 month old feral I just caught used the box with zero intervention from me.
There are some really fussy cats in this world. 🙂 One of mine was making me crazy, and omg I hated her for that. I soon realized she flat out did not like being in a litter pan, even a clean one! She used it more like a toilet, standing outside the box with her front paws. Until we got a short box, positioned just right, where she could do that, she was going all over the house. She completely hated clumping litter…you could experiment with the type of litter you’re using. Once we got it right, we had zero potty issues.
🙂 Definitely spay/neuter. Life is so much happier that way…a lot of humane societies will have a spay/neuter clinic every few months, and it’s a lot cheaper, if money is an issue. There is also a national group that can provide help finding reduced rates at local vets…you call them up and they will tell you who in you area is participating. You can do a search for “voucher spay neuter” + your town/region/state name if this link doesn’t help…
http://spayusa.org/